ADHD

About ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD affects roughly 5 percent of children and a smaller proportion of adults worldwide, with estimates varying by study. Symptoms include inattention difficulty sustaining attention, careless mistakes, not listening, losing things, easily distracted, forgetful, hyperactivity fidgeting, leaving seat, running or climbing excessively, unable to be quiet, and impulsivity blurting answers, difficulty waiting turn, interrupting. Diagnosis requires symptoms in two or more settings, present before age 12, and causing significant functional impairment. The disorder has a strong genetic component, with heritability estimated at around 70 to 80 percent. ADHD is associated with dopamine and norepinephrine dysregulation in prefrontal cortex. Comorbid conditions are common including oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety, depression, learning disabilities, and substance use disorders. Treatment includes behavioral therapy parent training, school interventions, CBT and medications. Stimulant medications methylphenidate Ritalin, Concerta, amphetamine compounds Adderall, Vyvanse are the most effective treatments, with large effect sizes in clinical trials. Non stimulants include atomoxetine Strattera, guanfacine Intuniv, and clonidine. Concerns about overdiagnosis and overmedication particularly in the US are balanced against evidence of underdiagnosis in girls and adults. Untreated ADHD increases risks of academic failure, accidents, substance misuse, and involvement with the justice system.